Architecture

Derivation Hierarchy

The theory is strictly one-directional: each level depends only on previous levels. No circular dependencies.

0

Topological Axioms

$\delta = 1/24$ (lattice tension) and $\Delta = 5/24$ (Fibonacci–lattice conflict) — from the 24-cell polytope.

δ = 1/24 Δ = 5/24
1

Emergent Constants

The golden ratio $\varphi = (1 + \sqrt{\Delta/\delta})/2 = (1+\sqrt{5})/2$ and half-opening angle $\theta_{\max} = 30°$.

$$\varphi = \frac{1 + \sqrt{\Delta/\delta}}{2} = \frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2} \approx 1.61803$$
2

Effective Dimension

The spectral dimension $D^*$ follows from the cone geometry:

$$D^* = 3 - \sin^2(30°) + \frac{1}{24} = 3 - \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{24} = \frac{67}{24} \approx 2.7917$$

A self-referential fixed-point iteration yields $D^*_{\rm fp} \approx 2.797$.

3

Modified Gravity

The $f(R)$ exponent emerges as $n = D^*/2 = 67/48$, defining the gravitational action:

$$f(R) = R^{67/48}$$

This simultaneously gives Horndeski parameters $\alpha_M = 19/86$, $\alpha_T = 0$ (consistent with GW170817), and the growth index.

4

Inflation

$f(R)$ inflation with $n = 67/48$ predicts spectral index, tensor ratio, and e-folds:

$$n_s \approx 0.967 \qquad r \approx 0.013 \qquad N_e \approx 60$$
5

Particle Physics & Cosmology

All gauge couplings, mass ratios, mixing angles, and cosmological density parameters emerge at this level.

αem αs sin²θW Ωb Ωc ΩDE wDE mH PMNS CKM
6

Galactic & Observational

Tully–Fisher relation, galactic rotation curves, dark matter reinterpretation, and structure growth ($\sigma_8$, $S_8$).

Core Mechanism

Dimensional Flow

Spacetime's effective dimensionality is not fixed — it runs with scale, governed by a beta-function analogous to Newton's cooling law.

The Beta-Function

Dimensional beta-function
$$\beta(D^*) = \frac{\Delta}{D^*}\left(D^*_{\rm IR} - D^*\right)$$

This governs how the effective spectral dimension $D^*(k)$ flows between two fixed points:

  • UV fixed point: $D^*_{\rm UV} = 2$ — matches Causal Dynamical Triangulations (CDT) and Asymptotic Safety results
  • IR fixed point: $D^*_{\rm IR} = 67/24 \approx 2.792$ — the effective macroscopic dimension

The flow interpolates smoothly between quantum ($D=2$) and classical ($D \approx 2.79$) regimes.

Running Newton Constant

$$G(k) = \frac{G_N}{1 + (k/k_P)^2}$$

Newton's constant runs with scale — weakening at high energies, ensuring asymptotic safety. At galactic scales, this reproduces flat rotation curves without dark matter particles.

D*=2 (UV) D*≈2.79 (IR) Scale (UV → IR) D*(k) kP k0 2.0 2.79 1.5 Dimensional Flow D*(k)

Key Insight

At the Planck scale, spacetime is effectively 2-dimensional. As we zoom out, dimensions "grow" to $D^* \approx 2.79$ — never reaching 3. This fractional dimension is the origin of all modified gravity effects.

Level 5

Particle Physics

Gauge couplings, mass ratios, mixing angles, and the Higgs sector — all from $\Delta$, $\delta$, and $D^*$.

Gauge Couplings

Fine-structure constant
$$\alpha_{\rm em}^{-1} = 2\pi (D^*)^3 + \delta D^* \approx 136.96$$
Strong coupling
$$\alpha_s(M_Z) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{12} \approx 0.11785$$
Weinberg angle
$$\sin^2\theta_W = \frac{1}{9} + \gamma_{\rm EW} \approx 0.23122$$

All three gauge couplings are derived purely from geometric quantities. The electroweak correction $\gamma_{\rm EW}$ is computed from Standard Model RG equations evaluated at the geometric scale.

Lepton Mass Ratios

Muon-to-electron ratio
$$\frac{m_\mu}{m_e} = \frac{3}{2\alpha} + 1 + \Delta \approx 206.77$$
Tau-to-muon ratio
$$\frac{m_\tau}{m_\mu} = 6 D^* \approx 16.75$$

Higgs Sector

Higgs mass
$$m_H = \sqrt{\frac{2\Delta}{\varphi}} \cdot v \approx 124.95 \text{ GeV}$$
Higgs self-coupling
$$\lambda_H = \frac{\Delta}{\varphi} \approx 0.1288$$

Neutrino Mixing (PMNS Matrix)

AngleFormulaPredictedObservedTension
$\theta_{12}$ (solar) $\arctan(1/\sqrt{2}) \times 23/24$ 33.80° $33.41° \pm 0.75°$ 0.51σ
$\theta_{23}$ (atmos.) $45°(1 + \Delta/\sqrt{6})$ 48.83° $49.0° \pm 1.4°$ 0.12σ
$\theta_{13}$ (reactor) $\arcsin(\Delta/\sqrt{2})$ 8.47° $8.54° \pm 0.15°$ 0.46σ

CKM Matrix Elements

ElementFormulaPredictedObservedTension
$|V_{us}|$ $\sqrt{\Omega_B}$ 0.2234 $0.2243 \pm 0.0008$ 1.11σ
$|V_{cb}|$ $\Delta^2$ 0.0434 $0.0408 \pm 0.0014$ 1.86σ
$|V_{ub}|$ $\Delta^\varphi \cdot \delta \cdot \exp(\ldots)$ 0.00375 $0.00382 \pm 0.0002$ 0.36σ

Number of Generations

Fibonacci constraint on generations
$$N_{\rm gen} = \max\{n \in \mathbb{N} : \varphi^n < 5\} = 3$$

The golden ratio raised to the $n$-th power must fit within the Fibonacci–lattice conflict bound $\Delta \cdot 24 = 5$. This yields exactly 3 generations — no more, no less.

Level 5–6

Cosmology

Density parameters, baryon asymmetry, and dark energy — all predicted from the 24-cell geometry.

Density Parameters

All cosmic density fractions are exact rational numbers with denominator $24^2 = 2304$:

Baryonic Matter
4.99%
$\Omega_b = 115/2304$
Dark Matter*
26.0%
$\Omega_c = 600/2304$
Dark Energy
69.0%
$\Omega_{\rm DE} = 1589/2304$
Closure (exact)
$$\Omega_b + \Omega_c + \Omega_{\rm DE} = \frac{115 + 600 + 1589}{2304} = \frac{2304}{2304} = 1$$

*"Dark matter" in SDGFT is reinterpreted as a geometric effect of the running $G(r)$ — no new particles are needed.

Dark Energy Equation of State

Leading falsifiable prediction
$$w_{\rm DE} = -\frac{D^*}{3} = -\frac{67}{72} \approx -0.931$$

This is the single most falsifiable prediction of SDGFT. Current observations give $w = -1.03 \pm 0.03$, yielding a 3.32σ tension. If Euclid and DESI confirm $w < -0.96$, the theory is falsified.

Baryon Asymmetry

$$\eta_B = \frac{\delta^6(1-\delta)}{8} \approx 6.27 \times 10^{-10}$$

The observed value is $(6.14 \pm 0.19) \times 10^{-10}$ — a remarkable 0.67σ match.

Structure Growth

$$\sigma_8 = \Delta \cdot \pi \approx 0.775$$

Observed: $0.776 \pm 0.017$, i.e. 0.07σ. This helps resolve the well-known $S_8$ tension in cosmology.

Level 3

Quantum Gravity & Modified $f(R)$

A power-law $f(R)$ gravitational action reproduces galactic dynamics and connects to UV quantum gravity.

$f(R)$ Gravity

Gravitational action
$$S = \int d^4x \, \sqrt{-g} \; R^{67/48}$$

The exponent $n = D^*/2 = 67/48 \approx 1.396$ is uniquely fixed by the effective dimension. This is not a free parameter — it is derived.

Galactic Dynamics

Tully–Fisher slope
$$b_{\rm TF} = D^* + 1 = \frac{91}{24} \approx 3.792$$

Observed: $3.85 \pm 0.09$ (0.65σ). The baryonic Tully–Fisher relation emerges naturally from the modified gravitational law.

Transition radius
$$r_{\rm trans} \approx 1 \text{ kpc}$$

Below this scale, Newton's gravity applies. Above it, the running $G(r)$ produces "galaxy rotation curve" effects.

UV Properties

At the smallest scales (Planck length), the theory exhibits:

  • Asymptotic Safety
    $G(k) \to 0$ as $k \to \infty$ — the metric becomes smooth at the Planck scale
  • Spectral Dimension $D^*_{\rm UV} = 2$
    Matches predictions from CDT, Asymptotic Safety, and Loop Quantum Gravity
  • Lorentz Violation
    $\eta_{\rm LV} = \Delta^2 \approx 0.043$, observable by CTA but within Fermi-LAT bounds ($< 0.1$)
  • Gravitational Slip
    $\eta(k) \neq 1$ at horizon-crossing scales — testable by Euclid weak lensing

No Dark Matter Particles

SDGFT does not predict dark matter particles. Instead, the gravitational effects attributed to dark matter arise naturally from the scale-dependent Newton constant $G(r)$. The "dark matter fraction" $\Omega_c$ represents a geometric effect, not a new particle species.

Geometry

The Six-Cone Architecture

The 24-cell partitions naturally into six conical sectors, each with half-opening angle $\theta_{\max} = 30°$.

Cone 1 Cone 2 Cone 3 Cone 4 Cone 5 Cone 6 θ = 30° Six-Cone Partition of 4D Space

The 24-cell's symmetry group naturally partitions upper-dimensional space into six congruent cones, each subtending a solid angle corresponding to $\theta_{\max} = 30°$.

This geometry is the origin of:

  • Spin-½. $\sin(\theta_{\max}) = \sin(30°) = 1/2$ — spin is a geometric property of the cone.
  • Neutrino mixing. The PMNS angles emerge from the overlap geometry of the six cones under Fibonacci-perturbed rotations.
  • Effective dimension reduction. Integrating a freely propagating field over a 30° cone reduces the spectral dimension by $\sin^2(30°) = 1/4$.
  • Three generations. Three cone-pairs (positive/negative) define three independent sectors — one per particle generation.
Open Questions

What SDGFT Does Not (Yet) Explain

Intellectual honesty demands acknowledging the boundaries of the current framework.

Absolute Mass Scales

SDGFT derives ratios (e.g., $m_\mu/m_e$, $m_\tau/m_\mu$) but not absolute masses. The Planck mass $M_P$ enters as an external input — it is not derived from $\Delta$ and $\delta$.

CP Violation

The CKM and PMNS complex phases are not yet derived. The theory predicts magnitudes of mixing matrix elements but is silent on CP-violating phases.

Strong CP Problem

The smallness of the QCD $\theta$-parameter ($\theta_{\rm QCD} < 10^{-10}$) is not addressed. A geometric mechanism may exist but has not been found.

Full UV Completion

While the UV fixed point $D^*_{\rm UV} = 2$ is established, a complete non-perturbative UV definition (analogous to a lattice formulation) is not yet available.

Read the Full Derivations

All derivations, proofs, and numerical evaluations are available in the foundational paper and the comprehensive monograph.